Botulism

Botulism

Botulism is caused by a botulinum toxin, which is a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The bacterium is commonly found in the soil in the form of spores.

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What is botulism?
Botulism is caused by a botulinum toxin, which is a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The bacterium is commonly found in the soil in the form of spores.

What are the symptoms?
Botulism produces a neurological condition affecting the nerves of the body. Symptoms often begin with blurred or double vision, dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Sometimes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea can occur as well. The disease can lead to problems with vision, and paralysis. Most cases make a recovery, but the recovery period can be many months. The disease can be fatal in 5-10% of cases. Botulism is a notifiable disease in Ireland.

How do you catch botulism?
The symptoms are caused not by the organism itself, but by eating or breathing in the toxin which the organism releases.

Foodborne: Botulism occurs when the spores of the organism Clostridium botulinum have germinated and the bacteria have reproduced in an environment outside the body and produced toxin - this environment is usually a foodstuff. The adult then consumes the toxin itself when they eat the food, and this makes them ill with weakness and paralysis. Clostridium botulinum is an "anaerobic bacterium" which means it can only grow in the absence of oxygen, so botulism in adults tends to occur when the spores have somehow got into an airtight environment such as tins or jars, particularly home-preserved foods which have been preserved in oil. The toxin is destroyed by normal cooking processes.

Infant botulism: is extremely rare (fewer than 80 cases are reported in the US each year) but occurs when the baby ingests spores which germinate to produce the bacterial cells that reproduce in the gut and release toxin. In most adults and older children, this would not happen because the natural defences which have developed in an adult gut would prevent the germination and growth of Clostridium botulinum. In some babies, these defences have not yet developed, and so this gives the infection a chance to get a foothold and produce the toxin. Honey is a recognised cause of infant botulism. As a result, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland advise against giving honey to infants under one year of age.

Wound botulism: has the same symptoms as other forms but occurs when the organisms get into an open wound and are able to reproduce in an "anaerobic" environment. Cases have been known to occur in people who inject drugs.

How long can you have the infection before developing symptoms?
Symptoms usually develop 12-36 hours following exposure to the toxin but it can take up to eight days for symptoms to develop. In infant botulism, a number of days may elapse between ingestion of the spores and the release of the toxin.

How can botulism be prevented or treated?
Antitoxin is available in Ireland which can be given to a patient as an "antidote" to tackle the toxin. In addition, treatment will focus on tackling the symptoms, such as supporting ventilation in the event of respiratory failure.

If you think you or someone you know has symptoms of botulism, seek urgent medical advice from your GP or local Emergency Department.

There is a vaccine against botulism, but there are concerns about its effectiveness and it also has side effects, and so it is not widely used.

How common is botulism?
Naturally occurring botulism is very rare in Ireland.

Is botulism contagious?
No. Botulism is not spread from one person to another. Drug users can contract the infection if they inadvertently inject the organism, especially if they inject it into a muscle rather than into a vein. It cannot be caught by having sex with or by living with a drug user who has the infection. Likewise infants with botulism cannot give it to other infants.

Click here to see a factsheet on Botulism in Polish.

Last updated: 13/09/2023